MeshCore Protocol Specification

Section 11: Payload — Multipart

Overview

The MULTIPART payload wraps another payload type to indicate it is part of a multi-packet sequence. The first byte encodes the number of remaining packets in the sequence and the sub-payload type. Currently, only multipart ACK is defined in the reference implementation.

Payload Type

Header payload type field: 0x0A (MULTIPART)

Wire Format

 0                   1
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Rem|  SubType  | Sub-payload  |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

First byte encoding:

  Bit:  7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | Remaining (4) |  Sub-Type (4) |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

Fields

first_byte = (remaining << 4) | (sub_type & 0x0F)

Multipart ACK

The only currently defined multipart sub-type is ACK (sub_type = 0x03):

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|  (rem<<4)|0x03|                ACK CRC (uint32_le)            |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Total payload: 5 bytes (1 byte header + 4 byte CRC).

Multipart ACKs are used to send additional ACK retransmissions for reliability. The remaining field indicates how many more ACK packets follow this one, counting down: a chain of K extra copies is emitted as MULTIPART with remaining = K, K-1, …, 1, followed by exactly one final plain PAYLOAD_TYPE_ACK packet (NOT a MULTIPART with remaining = 0). All copies in the chain carry the same ack_crc. Receivers MUST treat the first copy received as the authoritative ACK and dedup subsequent copies by ack_crc at the application layer.

Multipart ACK Usage Constraints

• A sender MUST only emit MULTIPART-wrapped ACKs on direct-routed return paths (i.e., when a direct path to the original sender is known). When the return path is unknown, the sender MUST fall back to emitting a plain PAYLOAD_TYPE_ACK via flood routing. This reflects the firmware behavior in Mesh::routeDirectRecvAcks() (which emits MULTIPART copies only when a direct path is available) and BaseChatMesh::sendAckTo() (which falls back to sendFloodScoped() when out_path_len == OUT_PATH_UNKNOWN).
• All MULTIPART-ACK copies and the final plain ACK for the same acknowledged message carry an identical 4-byte ack_crc. Receivers MUST treat them as the same logical ACK: the first one received satisfies the acknowledgment, and subsequent duplicates MUST be deduplicated per Section 16 (each copy has a distinct packet hash because the wrapper byte differs, so ordinary dedup does not suppress them on the wire — application-level dedup by ack_crc is required).
• The typical inter-copy delay in the reference implementation is approximately 300 ms plus the direct retransmit delay (Mesh::routeDirectRecvAcks()); exact timing is implementation-defined.
• The number of extra copies is configured via getExtraAckTransmitCount() and is implementation-defined. The firmware default is 0 (plain ACK only).

A receiver MUST NOT infer delivery reliability from the remaining counter alone: the counter is a hint about how many additional copies the sender intends to emit, not a guarantee that they will arrive.

Encoding (Multipart ACK)

1. Set first byte to (remaining << 4) | PAYLOAD_TYPE_ACK.
2. Copy the 4-byte ACK CRC starting at offset 1.
3. Set payload_len to 5.

Decoding (Multipart ACK)

1. Read first byte. Extract remaining = byte >> 4, sub_type = byte & 0x0F.
2. If sub_type == 0x03 (ACK) and payload_len >= 5: a. Read 4 bytes at offset 1 as ACK CRC (uint32_le).
3. For other sub_types: reserved for future use.

Constraints

• Payload MUST be at least 2 bytes (1 header + 1 sub-payload minimum).
• For multipart ACK, payload MUST be at least 5 bytes.

Cross-References

• Section 4: ACK — ACK CRC format
• Test vectors: corpus/payloads/multipart/

Reference Implementation

• Mesh::createMultiAck() in src/Mesh.cpp — Encoding
• Mesh::routeDirectRecvAcks() in src/Mesh.cpp — Direct-only gating and inter-copy spacing
• BaseChatMesh::sendAckTo() in src/helpers/BaseChatMesh.cpp — Flood fallback when no direct return path is known
• Mesh::onRecvPacket(), case PAYLOAD_TYPE_MULTIPART — Decoding